a.
Cost of chemical included in paint to inhibit rust
Product cost

b.
Life insurance for the CEO
Period cost

c.
Cost of electricity at the Lima Engine Plant in Ohio
Product cost

d.
Depreciation on the buildings at the Flat Rock Assembly Plant in Michigan
Product cost

e.
Cost of ad campaign and slogan called "By Design" to high-light the designs of Ford's cars
Period cost

f.
Purchase of aluminum to be used in car wheels
Product cost

g.
Salaries of Ford engineers researching ways to reduce CO2 emissions
Period cost

h.
Cost of new software to schedule production
Product cost

i.
Salaries of Ford Motor Company's top executives
Period cost

Period cost
If product cost,


or product cost
DM, DL or MOH
1.
Television advertisements for Bailey’s products
Period cost


2.
Lubricants used in running bottling machines
Product cost
MOH

3.
Research and development related to elimination of anti-biotic residues in milk
Period cost


4.
Gasoline used to operate refrigerated trucks delivering finished dairy
products to grocery stores
Period cost


5.
Company president’s annual bonus
Period cost


6.
Depreciation on refrigerated trucks used to collect raw milk from local
dairy farmers
Product cost
MOH

7.
Plastic gallon containers in which milk is packaged
Product cost
DM

8.
Property insurance on dairy processing plant
Product cost
MOH

9.
Cost of milk purchased from local dairy farmers
Product cost
DM

10.
Depreciation on tablets used by sales staff
Period cost


11.
Wages and salaries paid to machine operators at dairy processing plant
Product cost
DL

Complete the following statements with one of the terms listed here. You may use a term more than​ once, and some terms may not be used at all.
Differential costs

Variable costs

Controllable costs
Marginal cost
Fixed costs
Average cost
Uncontrollable costs

Sunk costs



a.
​A(n)
marginal cost
is the cost of making one more unit.
b.
Gasoline is one of many
variable costs
in the operation of a motor vehicle.
c.
A product's
fixed costs
and
variable costs
, not the product's
average cost
should be used to
forecast total costs at different production volumes.

d.
Within the relevant​ range,
fixed costs
do not change in total with changes in production volume.
e.
The
average cost
per unit declines as a production facility produces more units.
f.
Costs that differ between alternatives are called
differential costs
.
g.
In the long​ run, most costs are
controllable costs
​, meaning management is able to influence or change the amount of the cost.
h.
Sunk costs
are costs that have already been incurred.

Classify each of the following costs as fixed or​ variable:
a.
Cost of French fries used at a McDonald's restaurant
Variable
b.
Hourly wages paid to cashiers at The Home Depot
Variable
c.
Monthly sugar costs for The Hershey Company
Variable
d.
Cost of fuel used by Old Dominion Freight Line, a national trucking company
Variable
e.
Shipping costs at Amazon.com
Variable

f.
Monthly rent for Onyx Nail Bar, a nail salon in Dallas, Texas
Fixed
g.
Sales commissions at Tampa Honda in Florida
Variable
h.
Monthly insurance costs for the building housing the administrative offices

of Panera Bread in St. Louis, Missouri
Fixed
i.
Monthly depreciation of equipment used in the customer service department

at Klaben Ford Lincoln, a car dealership in Kent, Ohio
Fixed
j.
Cost of rubber used to manufacturer L.L. Bean boots
Variable

k.
Cost of oranges sold at a Kroger's grocery store
Variable
l.
Monthly office lease costs for the Portland office of E&Y, a global audit firm
Fixed
m.
Monthly cost of coffee at a Dunkin' Donuts store
Variable
n.
Property taxes for an Applebees' Neighborhood Grill & Bar
Fixed
o.
Depreciation of exercise equipment at an LA Fitness club
Fixed

Question is complete.

Primary users:
M-Internal users managers.
F-External users, creditors, stockholders, and gov. regulators.
Purpose of Info:
M-plan, direct, control operations and business decisions.
F-help external users make investing & lending decisions.
Primary Accounting Product:
M-Internal accounting report.
F-financial statements.
Included in report & format:
M-management decides when to report only if benefit of using report exceeds cost of preparing report.
F-GAAP
Underlying basis of Info:
M-Focuses on future, provides info on external and internal transactions.
F-historical transactions with external parties.

Info characteristic emphasized:
M-data must be relevant
F-data must be reliable & objective.
What business unit is report about:
M-segments products, customers, geographical regions, departments, divisions.
F-company as a whole. limited segment data provided in footnotes.
How often are reports prepared:
M-some daily , some only prepared one time up to manager.
F-Annually, quarterly.
Who verify info:
M-no independent audits, company's internal audit function may.
F-CPA's.
Info required by outside group/gov. agency:
M-No
F-Yes SEC.
Concern over reports affecting employee behavior:
M-considers behavioral implications when designing system.
F-Concern about adequacy of disclosure, behavioral implications are secondary.

Managerial ---technical

-planning
-budgeting
-forecasting
-internal financial reporting
-cost management
-internal controls
-technology
-decision analysis
-financial statement analysis
-investment decision making
-enterprise risk management

-ethics
-communication
-customer service
-adaptability
-strategic thinking
-process involvement
-leadership
-collaboration
-business acumen
-change management

E, S or E

In​ 2015, PepsiCo increased its dividend to shareholders.
Economic

E, S or E
It created a new global ingredient standard in 2014 that helps to ensure ingredient safety and integrity.
social

E, S or E
In​ 2014, PepsiCo used​ 23% less water​ (considered to be a scarce​ resource) per unit of production than in 2006.
environmental

E, S or E
Almost​ 60% of beverage launches qualified as​ "Better-For-You" or​ "Good-For-You" products in 2014​ (as opposed to​ PepsiCo's "Fun-For-You"​ category).
Social

E,S or E
From 2008 to​ 2014, PepsiCo held its greenhouse gas emissions stable despite increasing production.
environmental

E, S or E

g.
The return on​ PepsiCo's invested capital was above​ 13% for the fifth year in a row.
economic

E, S or E

f.
PepsiCo strengthened its Responsible Advertising to Children policy.
social

E, S or E

h.
In​ 2014, PepsiCo increased its amount of recycled content in its packaging by​23%.
environmental

E, S or E

i.
In​ 2014, 93% of​ PepsiCo's waste was not sent to landfills.
environmental

E, S or E


j.
In​ 2014, approximately​ 20% of​ PepsiCo's net revenue came from its nutrition business since it has been making a concerted effort to promote more healthy food and beverage choices.
social

E, S or E

k.
During​ 2014, 95% of​ PepsiCo's manufacturing sites underwent an independent food safety audit by the American Institute of Baking.
social

E, S or E


l.
Since​ 2006, PepsiCo has reached more than 1.92 million children in 477 schools in India through its programs promoting nutrition and physical activity.
social

E, S or E


m.
PepsiCo provided access to safe water for 6 million people.
social

E, S or E

n.
Forty of​ PepsiCo's buildings have achieved LEED certification​ (LEED certification is a measure of energy​ efficiency).
Environmental

Management accountants used to work in accounting departments and reported directly to the controller.​
Now, over half of management accountants are located throughout the company and work on​ cross-functional teams.​
Cross-functional teams consist of employees representing various functions of the​ company, such as​ R&D, design,​ production, marketing,​ distribution, and customer service.​
Cross-functional teams are effective because each member can address business decisions from a different viewpoint.
These teams often report to various vice presidents of operations. Management accountants often take the leadership role in the teams.


Total benefits
$834,000

a.
Estimating software costs
systems specialist



b.
Estimating cost of loading data into the new ERP system
management accountant


systems specialist
c.
Customize the ERP software
management accountant


systems specialist
d.
Estimate customization costs
all team members



e.
Estimate training costs



human resource director
f.
Savings from more efficient order processing
management accountant


systems specialist
g.
Savings from streamlining the manufacturing process
plant engineer


plant foreman
h.
Evaluate the effects of integrating purchasing, production,
plant foreman

marketing, and distribution into a single system

i.
Estimate increase in sales from higher customer satisfaction
marketing director



j.
Estimate benefits and costs
all team members

financial accounting system
geared toward producing periodic financial statements that will be used by investors and creditors to make investment and lending decisions, must follow GAAP

critical thinking
improves the quality of thought by skillfully analyzing, assessing, and reconstructing initial thoughts


six sigma
the goal of producing near perfection with less than 3.4 defects per one million opportunities is called

treasurer
person responsible for raising the firm's capital and investing its funds

3 pillars of sustainability:
environmental, economic, social

controller
the person responsible for general financial accounting, managerial accounting, and tax reporting

internal audit function
has the role of ensuring that the company's internal controls and risk management policies are functioning properly

Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002
congressional act enacted to restore trust in publicly traded corporations, their management, their financial statements, and their auditors. Enforces internal controls and suggests that CEO and CFO assume responsibility

integrated report
broad holistic report that describes all material elements of value creation, not just the financial elements

controlling
management process of evaluating the results/performance of business operations against the plan and making adjustments to keep the company pressing toward its goals

directing
the management process of overseeing the company's day-to-day operations.

ERP (entrepreneurial resource planning)
serves the information needs of people in accounting as well as people in marketing and in the warehouse
-software that integrates all companies functions and data into one system

sustainability
is the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

CEO
manages the company on a daily basis

planning
is the management process of setting goals and objectives for the company and determining how to achieve them

who do the treasurer and controller typically report to
CFO

financial accounting
information on a company's past performance that is provided to external parties such as creditors and shareholders

Managerial accounting system
system to compare costs and benefits, not restricted by the GAAP, and report on various segments or business units of the company

managers
decision makers inside a company

confidentiality
keep information confidential except when disclosure is authorized or legally required

credibility
disclose all relevant information that could reasonably be expected to influence an intended user's understanding of the reports, analyses or recommendations

credibility!!!
disclose delays or deficiencies in information, timeliness, processing, or internal controls in conformance with organization policy and/or applicable law

credibility
communicate information fairly and objectively

confidentiality
refrain from using confidential information for unethical or illegal advantage

confidentiality
inform all relevant parties regarding the appropriate use of confidential information. Monitor subordinates' activities to ensure compliance

integrity
mitigate actual conflicts of interest. Regularly communicate with business associates to avoid apparent conflicts of interest. Advise all parties of any potential conflicts

competence
maintain an appropriate level of professional expertise by continually developing knowledge and skills

competence
recognize and communicate professional limitations that would preclude responsible judgement or successful performance of an activity

competence
perform professional duties in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, and technical standards

integrity
abstain from engaging in or supporting any activity that might discredit the profession

integrity
refrain from engaging in any conduct that would prejudice carrying out duties ethically

competence
provide decision support information and recommendations that are accurate, clear, concise, and timely

certified management accountant (CMA)
issued by the Institue of management accountants (IMA)

CMA focuses on what two topics
Finance and accounting

Strategic Finance
the monthly professional magazine published by the IMA

Chartered Global Management Accountant( CGMA)
launched in 2012 by the AICPA and the CIMA

baccalaureate
to earn CMA certification, a candidate must have what degree

Decision making
identifying possible courses of action and choosing

Board of directors (BOD)
elected by the shareholders to oversee the company. Hire the CEO

CFO
hired by the CEO to oversee companies financial concerns

audit committee
subcommittee of BOD that oversees internal audit functions and annual financial statements by independent CPA's

cross functional teams
most management accountants work in what

IMA's 4 ethical standards
competition, confidentiality, integrity, credibility

Lean thinking
philosophy and business strategy of operating without waste

"knowledgeable economy"
more intellect, less manual labor

Triple bottom line
evaluation of a companies performance of its ability to create profit but also impact people on the planet

integrated reporting
process/report of a company's creation of value over time using financial, intellect, human, social, and national capital

a. Failing to provide job description information to management because you fear it may be used to cut a position in your department violates the
credibility
standard.
b. Providing earnings information to your sister before it is publicly announced violates the
confidentiality
standard.
c. Failing to read the specifications of the software package before purchasing it violates the
competence
standard.
d. Stealing from your employer is a violation of the
integrity
standard.
e. Skipping continuing education sessions could violate the requirement to maintain professional
competence
. If your company paid for you to attend the​ conference, skipping the sessions also violates the
integrity
standard.

Initiative at​ PepsiCo., Inc.
​Environmental, Social or ​Economic?
a.
In​ 2015, PepsiCo increased its dividend to shareholders.
Economic
b.
It created a new global ingredient standard in 2014 that helps to ensure ingredient safety and integrity.
Social
c.
In​ 2014, PepsiCo used​ 23% less water​ (considered to be a scarce​ resource) per unit of production than in 2006.
Environmental
d.
Almost​ 60% of beverage launches qualified as​ "Better-For-You" or​ "Good-For-You" products in 2014​ (as opposed to​ PepsiCo's "Fun-For-You"​ category).
Social
e.
From 2008 to​ 2014, PepsiCo held its greenhouse gas emissions stable despite increasing production.
Environmental
f.
PepsiCo strengthened its Responsible Advertising to Children policy.
Social
g.
The return on​ PepsiCo's invested capital was above​ 13% for the fifth year in a row.
Economic
h.
In​ 2014, PepsiCo increased its amount of recycled content in its packaging by​ 23%.
Environmental
i.
In​ 2014, 93% of​ PepsiCo's waste was not sent to landfills.
Environmental
j.
In​ 2014, approximately​ 20% of​ PepsiCo's net revenue came from its nutrition business since it has been making a concerted effort to promote more healthy food and beverage choices.
Social
k.
During​ 2014, 95% of​ PepsiCo's manufacturing sites underwent an independent food safety audit by the American Institute of Baking.
Social
l.
Since​ 2006, PepsiCo has reached more than 1.92 million children in 477 schools in India through its programs promoting nutrition and physical activity.
Social
m.
PepsiCo provided access to safe water for 6 million people.
Social
n.
Forty of​ PepsiCo's buildings have achieved LEED certification​ (LEED certification is a measure of energy​ efficiency).
Environmental

Responsibility
Standard
1.
Keep information confidential except when disclosure is authorized or legally
Confidentiality
required.

2.
Disclose all relevant information that could reasonably be expected to influence
Credibility
an intended user's understanding of the reports, analyses, or recommendations.

3.
Disclose delays or deficiencies in information, timeliness, processing, or internal
Credibility
controls in conformance with organization policy and/or applicable law.

4.
Communicate information fairly and objectively.
Credibility

5.
Refrain from using confidential information for unethical or illegal advantage.
Confidentiality

6.
Inform all relevant parties regarding the appropriate use of confidential
Confidentiality
information. Monitor subordinates' activities to ensure compliance.

7.
Mitigate actual conflicts of interest. Regularly communicate with business
Integrity
associates to avoid apparent conflicts of interest. Advise all parties of any
potential conflicts.

8.
Maintain an appropriate level of professional expertise by continually developing
Competence
knowledge and skills.

9.
Recognize and communicate professional limitations that would preclude
Competence
responsible judgment or successful performance of an activity.

10.
Perform professional duties in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, and
Competence
technical standards.

11.
Abstain from engaging in or supporting any activity that might discredit the
Integrity
profession.

12.
Refrain from engaging in any conduct that would prejudice carrying out duties
Integrity
ethically.

13.
Provide decision support information and recommendations that are accurate,
Competence
clear, concise, and timely.

1.
Reporter from The Wall Street Journal
Financial accounting information
2.
Regional division managers
Managerial accounting information
3.
Potential investors
Financial accounting information
4.
Bookkeeping Department
Financial accounting information
5.
Manager of the Service Department
Managerial accounting information
6.
Wall Street analyst
Financial accounting information
7.
Division controller
Both financial and managerial accounting information
8.
State tax agency auditor
Financial accounting information
9.
External auditor​ (public accounting​ firm)
Financial accounting information
10.
Loan officer at the​ company's bank
Financial accounting information
11.
Board of directors
Both financial and managerial accounting information
12.
Internal auditor
Both financial and managerial accounting information
13.
SEC examiner
Financial accounting information
14.
Current stockholders
Financial accounting information

a.
Information on a company's past performance is provided to external parties by
financial accounting
.

b.
Managerial accounting
systems are chosen by comparing the costs versus the benefits of the system and are not

restricted by GAAP (or International Financial Reporting Standards, IFRS, in the case of companies headquartered in many

countries outside of the United States).

c.
Managerial accounting
systems report on various segments or business units of the company.

d.
Financial accounting develops reports for external parties such as
creditors
and
shareholders
.

e.
When managers evaluate the company's performance compared to the plan, they are performing the

controlling
role of management.

f.
CPAs audit the
financial accounting
statements of public companies.

g.
Companies must follow GAAP (or International Financial Reporting Standards, IRFS, in the case of companies headquartered

in many countries outside of the United States) in their
financial accounting
systems.

h.
Choosing goals and the means to achieve them is the
planning
function of management.

i.
Decision makers inside a company are the
managers

a.
Reports are usually prepared quarterly and annually.
Financial accounting

b.
Information is verified by external auditors.
Financial accounting

c.
Focus is on the past.
Financial accounting
d.
Main characteristic of information is that it must be relevant.
Managerial accounting

e.
Reports tend to be prepared for the parts of the organization rather than the whole organization.
Managerial accounting

f.
Primary users are internal​ (i.e., company managers​).
Managerial accounting

g.
It is governed by Generally Accepted Accounting Principles​ (GAAP) or International Financial Reporting Standards​ (IFRS).
Financial accounting

h.
The primary characteristics of information are that it must be reliable and objective.
Financial accounting

i.
Reports are prepared as needed.
Managerial accounting

j.
It is not governed by legal requirements.
Managerial accounting

k.
Primary users are external​ (i.e., creditors,​ investors).
Financial accounting

l.
Focus is on the future.
Managerial accounting

m.
Reporting is based mainly on the company as a whole.
Financial accounting
Question is complete.